The experiments were carried out on nuclear and commercial grade AISI type 304 stainless steel sheet specimens of different thickness. Just select a k factor according to your material from the table below. Application. ) Coefficient of Expansion. 2. Austenitic Stainless Steel," by K. Inside temperature. 286 lb/in3). If it is used, I use k=0. It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel. 115 0. 098 0. 8 Steel Plain Finish 0. For instance, austenitic stainless steels like AISI 304 and 316 exhibit exceptional corrosion resistance and typically deliver smoother surfaces compared to other. 1. 9 - 6. As good as 304 is at standing up to oxidation, 316 is more corrosion resistant, and better able to withstand harsh environments. We multiply this factor by the material thickness to determine the distance the neutral axis shifted toward the inside radius during bending. 000. SS grade 304 contains approximately 18–20% mass fraction chromium, and 8–12% nickel, whereas SS grade 316 contain approximately. However, continuous use at a temperature between 797-1580 °F can lead to corrosion. k. Standard Metric; S-256-X: 2-56. The high chromium and medium nickel content make these steels capable for applications in. 5 Non-ferrous Aluminum alloys 2,500 - 2,900 2. The calculations referenced in Paragraph 304. The Machinability is mainly affected by: Carbon (C): 0. 16. 4307 are also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. Chapter 17 Material Expansion Coefficients Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Metals and AlloysOne 4" stainless steel and flex-ible graphite Class 150 Garlock Kammprofile gasket Procedure: • Part A—Initial joint tightening: Gasket loaded to five incre-mental stress levels from 1,025 to 15,160 psi • Parts B1-B3—Joint relaxation and retightening: Gasket load-ing in Part A interrupted dur-ing last three stess levels forUNSM technique on the fatigue behavior of SUS 304 were measured. 375 in. 07" 500 (260) . 4301) and stainless steel 316 (EN steel number 1. 56% and 7. K Factor: Advanced users only? K Factor is a torque coefficient between bolt and receptacle. The AISI numbering system: namely 200, 300, and 400 Series numbers. Grade 302 stainless steel spring wire (specified in ASTM A313) has high heat resistance and good corrosion resistance, and has excellent spring. Easy formability. S. 286 lb/in3), melting point is 1400-1450 °C (2550-2650 °F), thermal conductivity is 16. need some help on a place to start with the bend allowance calcs. On unlubricated connections, I use k=0. Molybdenum is also an expensive element, which makes 316 the more expensive grade. . Stainless Steel is all around us, it is used for benches, tapware, ovens, rangehoods. Availability Types 304 and 304L stainless steels have been produced in the form of plates, strip, sheets, bars, tubing, pipe, shapes and forgings, and any such K Factor in sheet metal bending is a constant used to calculate sheet metal flat length or Flat-pattern. The K-factor is also referred to as the neutral layer position factor. If cost is a prime factor, 410. The value of the K-factor is influenced by the material properties and. 43 Pounds. 385 for most bendable aluminum (ie 5052 etc). One item of note: The K factor found in the "Machinists Handbook" (Industrial Press Inc. The experiments were carried out on nuclear and commercial grade AISI type 304 stainless steel sheet specimens of different thickness. 030″. 2. com Get a Quote: quote@mform. 3 1. Kraus Premier Kitchen 33″ Drop-In 18 Gauge Stainless Steel 60/40 Double Bowl Kitchen Sink. 0mm. EN 1. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are possible. . 8 Bare Steel with Guide Point; DIN 7984-8. Stainless Steel. STAINLESS STEEL Grade 304, 304L, 304H S30400/EN 1. AISI 304 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 Strain rate (1/s) Stress (MPa) Rp0,2 Rp2,0 Figure 1. To avoid confusion, the term “alloy” will beSteel Angle for constructtion, For Construction, Size: 20 X 20 X 3 mm. Both fasteners are stainless steel. 5mm R1 10v 0. Ad. The low carbon chemistry of 304LReference is often made to stainless steel in the singular sense as if it were one material. They are: 1. At this level, chromium reactsthis data to the K factor of 3x10-10 obtained against carbon steel shows that minimal wear could be expected using brass surface. I’d like to review K-Factor and how K-Factor applies to your sheet metal designs. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Its carbon content is ≤0. Learn how to design and construct structural stainless steel buildings with the latest edition of the ANSI/AISC 370-21 specification, which covers both LRFD and ASD methods and incorporates new provisions for built-up compression members, webs under concentrated forces, and more. 304 stainless steel, whereas, other plants with similar equipment and operating conditions use chromium-molybdenum steels with lower alloy contents. For example, this table explains the oxidation colors that form on stainless steel Type 1. gov) UTSA. 045,The coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE, CLTE, α, or α1) is a material property that is indicative of the extent to which a material expands upon heating. 105 Inches. Our bend radius rule of thumb is the minimum radius = material thickness. This database is a small collection of thermal properties for materials used to construct common objects found in households and offices. bend radius 3 / 32 material thickness 063 angle a dim 1 bend ded dim 2 dev Check Details bend deduction 90 deg angle 2 mt br bend allowance. 8 Lock Washer ASTM A276 304 Stainless Steel 9 Stem Washer ASTM A276 304 Stainless Steel 10 Diaphragm Washer ASTM A536 65-45-12 Epoxy Coated Ductile Iron 11 Diaphragm* Buna-N (Nitrile) 12 Disc Retainer ASTM A536 65-45-12 Epoxy Coated Ductile Iron 13 Seat Disc* Buna-N (Nitrile) 14 Spacer Washer* x5 NY300 Fiber* 15 Disc Guide. 28 Steel, Unoxidized 212 (100) . Abstract. The two grades’ different chemical composition and content determine the difference in their densities. สแตนเลส 304 Stainless Steel Round Bars/Sheets. Blandford D. Stainless steel roof: • S30400 stainless steel • Measuring: 280 × 96m • Sheathed with 23,000m2 of 0. 67 °F: Specific Heat: 490: 530: J/kg. Melting Range: 2550-2650°F (1399-1454°C) We offer a wide range of 304 stainless steel options to meet your various needs. 5m) Grade. Stainless steel grade 430 is capable of resisting oxidation up to 870°C (1598°F) in intermittent usage, and up to 815°C (1499°F) in continuous usage. 5 9 4000 30° 1. 6 and wall thickness coefficient Y = 0. Reply. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K. 01. The K-factor is used to determine the length of the metal plate stretched during the bending process. Since the friction coefficient - λ - is on both sides of the equation, it must be solved by iteration. 5 15 4000 30° R1 16v 0. 1 × H M − M C × ( 1 − 0. Resistance to moderately aggressive organic acids is a result of the 9 to 11%. 3 W/m-k (100°C) Modulus of Elasticity (MPa): 193 x 103 in tension. 26 2. 5. Type 304 has a maximum carbon of 0. Type 304 is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. Similar to SUS304, SS304 also contains 18% Cr and 8% Ni and is, therefore, referred to as 18/8. 239. 6) / ( (4. Austenitic grades; AISI 304 and 316 in annealed condition. In addition, nickel (Ni) or molybdenum (Mo) may be added to enhance the effect. SUS 316. 7 6061-T6 Aluminum 1/2" between 60-65 41. Better corrosion resistance than Type 302. 1 mm and bend radius as 1 \text { mm} 1 mm. The material finds use in applications requiring high strength, paired with corrosion resistance up to 1300 °F (700 °C). 16. Terima kasih, Semoga Bermanfaat. Yield Factor. 125 and a K-factor of . For welded and drawn tubing, a derating factor must be applied for weld integrity: for double-welded tubing, multiply workingStainless Steel 316 . a. Generally, many secondary phases (e. Dimensions. Valve stem. 15 . Rp490. Page: F_102905. 3: Steel Stainless Austenitic (310) 14. To calculate K-factor: Enter the material thickness, T = 1 mm. K is 0. hutama says. V Sok Nepel / Reducer Nepple Stainless Steel 304 1 1/4 x 1 inch. 2 show that Victaulic Vic-Press for Schedule 10S stainless steel fittings and Schedule 10 stainless steel pipe compliant with ASTM A-312 may be used on ASME B31. 304L is a modified low-carbon stainless steel based on 304, used to improve the corrosion. 86-Rubber (60 A Belt). This will massively increase "friction" forces. Rigm. If the aluminum is not anodized, the wear rate is extremely severe. 4301 S30403/EN 1. The corrosion resistance of stainless steels means that the surface characteristics, including frictional properties, are unlikely to be affected in service due to corrosion issues, provided the correct grade has been selected. How much material will be needed to create said bend? We already have all the information we need to calculate it from the bend allowance formula. I have tried it today and it doesn't seem to give exactly the result I was expecting. 36 It is easy to scale-up and offers stability for long-term operation of MFCs. 80 Steel Alloys Type 301, Polished 75 (24) . The steel contains both chromium (between 18% and 20%) and nickel (between 8% and 10. The alloys are used widely in. Stainless steel 7,600 - 8,100 5. K-Factor Bend Table. AISI-304 stainless steel is hard to difficult material. Stainless Steel - Grade 304 (UNS S30400) Grade 304 is a standard "18/8" stainless. 304 Stainless steel: 316 Stainless steel: Chemical Composition: Chromium – 18%, nickel – 8%: Chromium – 16%, Nickel – 10%, Molybdenum – 2%: Corrosion. The sample was etched in a solution of 10% HCl and 0. This is what. A long term atmospheric corrosion programme conducted over 20 years bv the. Source: STEEL PRODUCTS MANUAL, STAINLESS AND HEAT RE-SISTING STEELS, DECEMBER 1974, American Iron and Our market analysis draws on our multi-commodity capabilities across nickel, ferroalloys and steel to provide an in-depth examination of stainless steel flat products globally. K-Factor Rating (Harmonic Mitigation): K-1 (Standard) External Non-PCB Label Pulse Drive Rating: N/A External Barcode Label. Corrosion resistance. 304 stainless steel vs. 527: BTU/lb: Maximum Service Temperature: 1023: 1198: K: 1381. Finally, there’s the cost factor. High ductility, excellent drawing, forming, and spinning properties. Density affects weight. 35 . Find linear thermal expansion coefficient (α) and volumetric coefficient for thermal expansion (β) at 20°C for different material like brass, copper, concrete, lead, silver, water and more. 10 Mild Steel, Smooth 75 (24) . The inclusion of nickel in 304 makes the metal more corrosion resistant than 430. 14 8. Friction loss and velocity diagrams - in imperial (psi/100 ft, ft/s) and SI (Pa/100m, m/s) units. 01 × G A M F) KC1. Care was taken to include as much information as possible about stainless steel flat products used throughout Europe, for the informatio n of the user: • Chemical and physical properties are in accordance with EN 10088-1:2005 • Mechanical properties are in accordanc. Cutting speed should be lower, the feed higher, tooling and equipment heavier. steel shapes and built-up members (Refs. Automotive industry. 7 100,000 75,000 B99 where stress embrittlement may be a factor. Clear. 67. 304 stainless steel is the most common form of stainless steel used around the world, due to its excellent corrosion resistance and value. The annealing process adds corrosion resistance and is critical for the machinability and formability of the metal. The above Table is applicable only for ASTM A320 Grade B8, Class 2 and A193 Grade B8, Class 2 Stud Bolts. 00033 (cover-age factor k = 1), less than one-tenth of the emissivity of the bare stainless steel plate. 5. 27K Factor in sheet metal bending is a constant used to calculate sheet metal flat length or Flat-pattern. The density of stainless steel is about 7. DIN 6912-8. 3Adding nickel to stainless steel in sufficient amounts, changes the microstructure to “austenite”. This article investigates the effect of various degrees of plastic deformation introduced by cold rolling at ambient temperature on the tensile properties of AISI 304 stainless steel. K. These steels obtain maximum corrosion and heat resistance through hardening. At exactly the same torque level of 24 foot pounds, variations between 4500 pounds and 6700 pounds are experienced. The formula for calculating density (ρ) is by dividing the mass (m) of the object by its volume (V), expressed as ρ=m/V. 5mm Stainless Steel Sheet. The welding of stainless steel pipe sections must be performed by skilled technicians, and in accordance with the standards prescribed. May 6, 2021 at 9:23 am. The K-factor is the ratio of the neutral axis position to the total material thickness. In their study, various apparatuses were used including a universal electromechanical testing machine, a hydro-pneumatic apparatus, and a split Hopkinson tension bar to characterize an AISI 304. Clear. To achieve stainless corrosion resistance, the amount of chromium (Cr) should not be less than 13%. 25 1. Weight ( kg ) = thickness (mm ) * width * length ( m ) ( m ) * density values ( g / cm³ )The present work aims to evaluate the friction and wear behavior of a metastable stainless steel AISI 304L against steel AISI 52100 ball. Compute the friction factor of a circular pipe based on Churchill's equation with this online calculator. 037” | 0. 286 pound, per cubic foot is 495 pounds. The impact of time, temperature, nitric acid. a) Stainless Steel 304. The corrosion resistance of stainless steels means that the surface characteristics, including frictional properties, are unlikely to be affected in service due to corrosion issues, provided the correct grade has been selected. K °F: Latent Heat of Fusion: 260: 285: kJ/kg: 111. In the process of making stainless steel, alloying elements such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), and molybdenum (Mo) are added to improve its performance and make it resistant to corrosion, or rust-free. 01. The 𝜎 phase can precipitate. Other elements, such as nickel or molybdenum are added to increase corrosionfactor range (the so-called Paris Law), and use this to analytically estimate the number of load cycles required to grow an existing crack from an initial size to a final size. It’s only a title, though, because the percentage changes with the material type and tensile strength. Stainless Steel. Special properties. 17-4 PH is more resistant to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) than 304 stainless steel, making it ideal for coastal and marine applications. W. 5. However, steel-containing structures decay due to corrosion, destroying. Bushing for chain belt. Achieving Proper Bolt Torque: An Introduction to K-Factor. 304. 4301 and 1. 4. 779: 122. Resistance to corrosion in oxidizing environments is a result of the 18 to 19% chromium that the 304 alloys contain. 379191: 0. Zheng, C. SS 304 stainless steel physical properties are listed in the table below such as density, melting point, specific heat, electrical resistivity, elastic modulus (modulus of elasticity),. Different substances expand by different amounts. S. The presence of chromium creates an invisible surface film that resists oxidation and makes the material “passive” or corrosion resistant. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (PDF) Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (Excel) BEND ALLOWANCE; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24 Gauge: K factor: 0. SUS304 material is a Japanese JIS standard and the most commonly used stainless steel, containing 18% Cr and 8% Ni. K-Factor - A constant determined by dividing the thickness of the sheet by the location of the neutral axis, which is the part of sheet metal that does not change length. Snow, T. Density. What K Factor. 4362 2205 - 1. I am primarily processing stainless steel, 304 and 316, with a range of thickness from 1. Part Number: 13500. 55 to 1mm R1 10v 0. 73: 2641. 2 and 2. It can maintain good strength and heat resistance in high temperature and low temperature environments, and also has good corrosion resistance, weldability, cold workability and mechanical properties in the mild atmosphere. 316 stainless steel funnels are more corrosion resistant than 304 stainless steel funnels. These SS grades differ by their chemical compositions of metals including nickel and chromium. Flexible Rubber Tubing - Smooth. The method correcting point-by-point the true stress-strain data in the range of non-uniform deformation by the use of finite element analysis has been introduced for stainless steel [24, 32]. Link for chain belt. 4310 stainless steel physical properties, including density, specific heat capacity, electrical resistivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Knowing both. The material was evaluated up to 50% reduction in thickness. 237 in) (16700 psi) (0. 9 (20-100 ℃) 16. Product code: 06398G. 5 ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS OF STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES Summary Although Ra values are commonly used to describe surfaces, the limits of this indicator should not be forgotten. This specification covers chromium, chromium-nickel, and chromium-manganese-nickel stainless steel plate, sheet, and strip for pressure vessels and for basic. 14 Mild Steel, Polished 75 (24) . Friction tests using the “ball-on-disc” technique at constant velocity (0. Example - Linear Expansion. 4. SS 316 is better than SS 304 in terms of corrosion resistance, heat resistance and certain properties, but the price is higher than AISI 304, for more details, please check stainless steel grade 304 vs 316, and 316 vs 316L. 18: Cadmium-Plated: 0. Choose from our selection of stainless steel tubing in a wide range of. 5. A781/A781M-21 Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use. It is essentially non-magnetic when annealed and may become slightly magnetic when cold-worked. Best way to calculate the value of k factor in sheet metal is by reverse engineering. 25” 0. The test specimens were cut out of a single plate of either 304 or 304L stainless steel to dimensions of 152. AISI Type 304L Stainless Steel. 166: S-M2-X: M2. 5 C/cm2 at room temperature and normal incidence. Inside temperature in the exchanger is 100 o C and outside temperature is 20 o C . It is less electrically and thermally conductive than carbon steel. • Standard Stainless Steel Screens OPTIONS • Perforated Stainless Steel Screens - 1/32" to 1/2" • 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 325 and 400 Mesh Stainless Steel Screens • Monel Screens • 1⁄4" to 10" • Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel • Threaded, Flanged & Socket Weld Connections Cross-section of a Y Strainer with blow off. Aluminum is often used in electronic heat sinks due to the metal’s good thermal conductivity. A typical uncertainty in the roughness values can be assumed to be in the range ± − 30 -50 %. Metallurgical Structure. 07% . At 80 K, the emissivity of the undamaged silver coating was found to be 0. Grade 316 is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial. There are several common-use food stainless steel grades like 304 and 316. As a leader in price assessments, CRU releases monthly prices for chrome. Hsu, T. It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel. K. The results shown in Fig. Microstructural, ferromagnetic and hardness studies were also conducted. - ε -. Over small temperature ranges, the thermal expansion of uniform linear objects is proportional to temperature change. | High corrosion resistance. It has excellent drawing properties and very good formability, while it is also highly corrosion-resistant. More Details About Each Stainless Steel Grade. Grade 310S is a lower carbon version, less prone to embrittlement and sensitisation in service. The addition of the molybdenum element gives it a special anti-corrosive structure. Incidentally,this is the largest category of stainless steels. Chemical. SS304 density is 7,930 kg/m3 (0. The tensile strength of austenitic stainless steel varies from 75,000 to 105,000 psi. 463 0. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K-Factor starting points, good for general fabrication, for steel, aluminum and stainless steel. Besides, the alloy has other favorable properties, including excellent fabrication characteristics, low-temperature non-magnetic strength [down to -320 °F (-196 °C)], and. Based on the rating of 160 Brinell B-1112 steel, the machinability of metal machinability chart is expressed as a percentage. A key factor here is the relatively low Hall–Petch slope of this. SS304 has great weldability, heat and corrosion resistance, low-temperature strength. K1 proximity sensors provide consistent sensing ranges for many metal target materials — and good value when evaluating cost versus sensing distance. 4301 and 1. K-Factor - used for engineering programs, such as Pro-E. Since KC1. Most values for temperature 25 oC (77 oF). The friction coefficient - λ - can be calculated by the Colebrooke Equation : 1 / λ 1/2 = -2,0 log 10 [ (2,51 / (Re λ 1/2 )) + (k / d h ) / 3,72 ] (11) . It is a function of the materials' frictional characteristics, which are based. 4301 and 1. 1. Mechanical Engineer. Choose an option 2000mm x 1000mm (2m x 1m) 2500mm X 1250mm (2. The range of Machinability is vast and spans from about 40% for difficult to machine steels, such as bearing steel ( SAE 52100 / DIN 100Cr6) up to Ledloy free-cutting steel (SAE 12L14 / DIN 9SMnPb36) that has a machinability rate of about 170%. Based on their melting points, 304 SS has a melting range higher than 316 SS (by 50-100F). We work on material from 6061-T6 aluminum to AISI 304 stainless, ranging anywhere from 20ga to as thick as 3/8 plate. com It appears that stainless steel bolts can be applied in aluminium slip resistant connections, but a larger partial safety factor than standards currently prescribe is required for the slip. K factor depends on material, thickness and machine. SI unit: W/m·K or W/m·°C; Imperial unit: Btu/ft·h·°F; Thermal Conductivity of Stainless Steel. tK = tC + 273. The strength and limitation of the different creep–fatigue life predictions which are usually used for 304 SS are also reviewed on the basis of. K-factor (aeronautics), the number of pulses expected for every one volumetric unit of fluid passing through a given flow meter. 3CR12 was designed as a corrosion resisting steel and, as such, will exhibit staining when exposed to aggressive atmospheric conditions. 304 Stainless Sheet may become slightly magnetic when worked and is not heat treatable. Metal. 33: K factor:. 3. comIt appears that stainless steel bolts can be applied in aluminium slip resistant connections, but a larger partial safety factor than standards currently prescribe is required for the slip. 1μm was between 0. 4301 (AISI 304) when heated in open air: These colors, also called heat tint, depend on four factors: Steel chromium content. You just have to insert the characteristics of the sheet metal to be bent. Stainless Steel, type 316 (17 Cr - 12 Ni - 2 Mo) 16: Stainless Steel, type 304 (18 Cr - 8 Ni) 16: Titanium: 19: Thermal Conductivity - Unit Converter; Metals and their Melting Temperatures; Sponsored Links Related Topics Thermodynamics Work, heat and energy systems. Choose an option 304 430. Davis. 780 NW 185th Ave #304 was built in 2007 and last sold on July 31, 2020 for $220,000. 9 9. 463 0. K-Factor. 61 Polished Sheet 100 (38) . However, this is rarely as low as iron and steel. Type 304 stainless steel is an. 093". Morton, S. Th e GTA welds wer produced at th e author's laboratory, whil th SAAbstract and Figures. During sheet metal part bending, the inside bending surface is compressed, whereas the outer surface is stretched. However, continuous use at a temperature between 797-1580 °F can lead to corrosion. 93 g/cm3 (0. Includes additional data and reference information carefully. The base material was 304/304 L dual certified stainless steel with dimensions of 152. 36%, respectively. ASTM A193/A193M B8MA Class 1A All 75,000 30,000 B90 Where cost is a larger factor than a life span, 430 may be more suitable. 55-. MATERIAL, BEND RADII AND MINIMUM BEND SIZE CHARTS. 3 M of uranyl nitrate. The most common form of 304 stainless steel is 18-8 (18/8) stainless. 4404 are also known as grades 316 and 316L respectively. 26 1. Works exceptionally well when completing repairs where a doubler must exactly fit a Z section on the corners. For example, Type 304 is S30400 in UNS. The K-factor is usually somewhere between 0. INTRODUCTION In 1983, Bogaard [1 ] presented a paper on the thermal conductivity (2) of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) between 100 and 1707 K. Download scientific diagram | Mass attenuation coefficients of austenitic stainless steel (304 SS) samples as a function of gamma ray energy. 4404 are also known as grades 316 and 3164L respectively. This stainless steel grade shows good ductility in the annealed condition, and can be readily drawn and formed. Loctite 242 is a lubricant. The K-Factor is a property of the material being bent. d = Pitch Diameter (m) K Df = Nut Friction Diameter (m) μ = oefficient of Friction Fastener Material Coefficient of Friction (μ) K-Factor 304 Stainless Steel 0. is 17. 4462 Corrosion Rate (µA/cm²) Comparison of Generalized Corrosion Resistance in 2M H 2SO 4 BetterBetter corrosion resistance than Type 302. 5. 304 stainless steel (304ss) is the most employed material in the water supply system (WSS), due to its attractive combinations of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance [1, 2]. 4301 stainless steel samples, a material commonly used in mechanical engineering, were used as a test material. Weight & Density of Stainless Steel 304, 316, 304L & 316L. Each material has advantages and disadvantages.